Falling Through Time: The Height of Military Conscripts in the Viceroyalty and the Republic of New Granada, 1720-1840
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Meisel Roca, A. ., & Nieto Martelo, B. . (2026). Falling Through Time: The Height of Military Conscripts in the Viceroyalty and the Republic of New Granada, 1720-1840. Tiempo Y economía, 13(1), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.21789/24222704.2212
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Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
Resumen
There are no estimates of the height of Colombians during the 18th and early 19th centuries. This article contributes to closing this gap. We have constructed a database using military affiliations found in the Archivo General de la Nación, comprising a total of 373 observations (male recruits). The results show a sustained decrease in height during the 18th and first decades of the 19th century. In the case of conscripts born in New Granada, the average height declined from 167.8 cm in 1720 to 164.6 cm in 1800. We argue that these results are mainly explained by the deterioration in the biological standard of living due to numerous epidemics—especially of smallpox—the presence of extreme climatic conditions such as droughts, floods, and frosts, and the rapid increase of the population, which was still recovering from the demographic catastrophe of the 16th century.
Citas
Aguilera, M., & Meisel, A. (2009). Tres siglos de historia demográfica de Cartagena de Indias. Banco de la República.
Bushnell, D. (1971). Voter Participation in the Colombian Election of 1856. The Hispanic American Historical Review, 51(2), 237-249. https://doi.org/10.1215/00182168-51.2.237
Cámara, A. (2006). Fuentes antropométricas en España problemas metodológicos para los siglos XVIII y XIX. Historia Agraria, (39), 105-118.
Carson, S. (2020). Net nutrition, insolation, mortality, and the antebellum paradox. Journal of Bioeconomics, 22(1), 77-98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10818-020-09293-6
Challú, A. (2009). Agricultural Crisis and Biological Well-Being in Mexico, 1730-1835. History Faculty Publications, 1-26.
Challú, A. (2010). The great decline: Biological well-being and living standards in Mexico, 1730-1840. In R. D. Salvatore, J. H. Coatsworth, & A. E. Challú (Eds.), Living standards in Latin American history: Height, welfare, and development, 1750-2000 (pp. 23–68). Harvard University David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies / Harvard University Press.
Coyle, D. (2017). El producto interno bruto. Una historia breve pero entrañable. Bogotá: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Dobado-González, R. (2015). Pre-independence Spanish Americans: Poor, short and unequal... or the opposite? Revista de Historia Economica, Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History, 15-59. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0212610914000135
Dobado-Gonzalez, R., & García-Montero, H. (2014). Neither So Low nor So Short: Wages and Heights in Bourbon Spanish America from an International Comparative Perspective. Journal of Latin American Studies, 46(2), 291-321. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X14000054
Dobado-González, R., & García-Hiernaux, A. (2017). Two worlds apart: Determinants of height in late 18th century central Mexico. Economics & Human Biology, 24, 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2016.12.003
Farfán, A., & Marín, J. (2014). Milicias y Milicias Disciplinadas del Virreinato de la Nueva Granada. La Configuración de la Defensa y la Seguridad Durante la Segunda Mitad del Siglo XVIII.
Fogel, R. W. (1997). New Findings on Secular Trends in Nutrition and Mortality: Some Implications for Population Theory. In M. Rosenzweig & O. Stark, Handbook of Population and Family Economics (Vol. 1A, pp. 433–481). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-003X(97)80026-8
Fogel, R. W., & Costa, D. L. (1997). A theory of technophysio evolution, with some implications for forecasting population, health care costs, and pension costs. Demography, 34(1), 49–66. https://doi.org/10.2307/2061659
Fogel, R. W. (1996). A life of learning: Charles Homer Haskins lecture for 1996. American Council of Learned Societies.
Galofré-Vilà, G., Guntupalli, A. M., Harris, B., & Hinde, A. (2018). Climate effects and stature since 1800. Social Science History, 42(4), 763–794. https://doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2018.27
García Torres, A. (2021). “This country in no longer the New Spain, the one conquered by Cortés”: Adverse meteorology and agricultural crises in the valley of Mexico (1760-1800). Revista de Historia Moderna, (39), 189–217. https://doi.org/10.14198/RHM2021.39.07
García-Montero, H. (2018). The nutritional status inequality in interior Spain during the late 18th century. Nutrición Hospitalaria, 35(Ext5), 26–30. https://doi.org/10.20960/nh.2081
Gelman, J., & Santinilli, D. (2018). Wages and standards of living in the 19th century from a comparative perspective: Consumption basket, Bare Bone Basket and welfare ratio in Buenos Aires, 1825–1849. Investigaciones de Historia Económica - Economic History Research, 14(2), 94-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ihe.2016.09.001
Grajales-Porras, A., & López-Alonso, M. (2011). Physical stature of men in eighteenth century Mexico: Evidence from Puebla. Economics & Human Biology, 9(3), 265–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2011.02.002
Haines, M. R., Craig, L. A., & Weiss, T. (2003). The short and the dead: Nutrition, mortality, and the “Antebellum Puzzle” in the United States. The Journal of Economic History, 63(2), 382–413. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050703001839
Komlos, J. (2003). How to (and how not to) analyze deficient height samples (Munich Discussion Paper No. 2003-12). University of Munich, Department of Economics. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.464080
Komlos, J. (2012). A three-decade “Kuhnian” history of the Antebellum Puzzle: Explaining the shrinking of the U.S. population at the onset of modern economic growth (Munich Discussion Paper No. 2012-10). University of Munich, Department of Economics. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2021060
Le Roy Ladurie, E., Bernageau, N., & Pasquet, Y. (1969). Le conscrit et l’ordinateur. Perspectives de recherche sur les archives militaires du XIXe siècle français. Studi Storici, 10(2), 260-308. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20562980
Leunig, T., & Voth, H. J. (1998). Smallpox did reduce height: A reply to our critics. The Economic History Review, 51(2), 372–381. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0289.00097
Llorca-Jaña, M., Clarke, D., Navarrete-Montalvo, J., Araya-Valenzuela, R., & Allende, M. (2020). New anthropometric evidence on living standards in nineteenth-century Chile. Economics & Human Biology, 36, Article 100819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2019.100819
Llorca-Jaña, M., Navarrete-Montalvo, J., Droller, F., & Araya-Valenzuela, R. (2018). Height in eighteenth-century Chilean men: Evidence from military records, 1730–1800s. Economics & Human Biology, 29, 168–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2018.03.004
Llorca-Jaña, M., & Allende, M. (2025). The anthropometric history of Chile: Main findings for the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In R. D. Salvatore, M. López-Alonso, M. Llorca-Jaña, & J. M. Martínez-Carrión (Eds.), The biological welfare of Ibero-America: A new anthropometric history (pp. 00–00). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-95-1509-7_9
López-Alonso, M. (2012). Measuring up: A history of living standards in Mexico, 1850-1950. Stanford University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvqsdzkx
López-Alonso, M. (2016). Economics and human biology in Latin America. En J. Komlos & I. R. Kelly (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of economics and human biology (pp. 710–729). Oxford University Press . https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199389292.013.2
López-Alonso, M. (2025). The long history of biological welfare in Mexico: From Mesoamerica to the present. In R. D. Salvatore, M. López-Alonso, M. Llorca-Jaña, & J. M. Martínez-Carrión (Eds.), The biological welfare of Ibero-America: A new anthropometric history (pp. 00–00). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-95-1509-7_4
Marques, C., Matos, V., & Meinzer, N. J. (2019). Proliferative periosteal reactions: Assessment of trends in Europe over the past two millennia. In R. H. Steckel, C. S. Larsen, C. A. Roberts, & J. Baten (Eds.), The backbone of Europe: Health, diet, work and violence over two millennia (pp. 137–174). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108379830.007
Martínez, J. (2012). La talla de los europeos, 1700-2000: Ciclos. crecimiento y desigualdad. InvestigacionesdeHistoriaEconómica, 176-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ihe.2012.06.002
Martínez-Carrión, J. M., & Puche-Gil, J. (2011). La evolución de la estatura en Francia y en España, 1770-2000: Balance historiográfico y nuevas evidencias. Dynamis, 31(2), 429–452. https://doi.org/10.4321/S0211-95362011000200009
Martínez-Carrión, J. M., & Cámara, A. D. (2025). Spain: The anthropometric history of Spain: A review. In R. D. Salvatore, M. López-Alonso, M. Llorca-Jaña, & J. M. Martínez-Carrión (Eds.), The biological welfare of Ibero-America: A new anthropometric history (pp. 00–00). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-95-1509-7_2
Meisel-Roca, A., & Vega-Acevedo, M. (2004). La estatura de los colombianos: Un ensayo de antropometría histórica, 1910-2002 (Documentos de Trabajo sobre Economía Regional y Urbana No. 45). Banco de la República de Colombia. https://doi.org/10.32468/dtseru.45
Meisel-Roca, A., & Vega-Acevedo, M. (2005). La estatura de la élite colombiana antes de la industrialización, 1870-1919. Revista del Banco de la República, 78(932), 37–69. https://doi.org/10.32468/chee.15
Mora, K. (2015). Los agricultores y ganaderos de la sabana de Bogotá frente a las fluctuaciones climáticas del siglo XVIII. Fronteras de la Historia, 20(1), 14–42. https://doi.org/10.22380/2027468815
Mörner, M. (1969). La mezcla de razas en la historia de América Latina. Paidos.
United Nations. (2018). Sustainable Development Goals. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/es/objetivos-de-desarrollo-sostenible/
Pardo, A. (1972). Geografía económica y humana de Colombia. Ediciones Tercer Mundo.
Razzell, P. (1998). Did smallpox reduce height? The Economic History Review, 51(2), 351–359. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0289.00095
Registraduría Nacional del Estado Civil. (1988). Historia Electoral Colombiana.
Salvatore, R. D., & Baten, J. (1998). A most difficult case of estimation: Argentinian heights, 1770–1840. In J. Komlos & J. Baten (Eds.), The biological standard of living in comparative perspective: Contributions to the conference held in Munich, January 18-22, 1997, for the XIIth Congress of the International Economic History Association (pp. 00–00). Franz Steiner Verlag.
Solano, S. (2015). La construcción de los censos de población del Nuevo Reino de Granada a finales del siglo XVIII. El Taller de La Historia, 7(7), 41-99. https://doi.org/10.32997/2382-4794-vol.7-num.7-2015-721
Steckel, R. H. (2009). Heights and human welfare: Recent developments and new directions. Explorations in Economic History, 46(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eeh.2008.12.001
Steckel, R. (1995). Stature and the Standard of Living. Journal of Economic Literature, 33(4), 1919.
Torres Ramírez, B. (1969). Alejandro O’Reilly en las Indias. CSIC - Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos.
Torres Moreno, J. V. (2013). Precios, oferta monetaria y crecimiento económico en la Nueva Granada de la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII. Revista de Economía Institucional, 15(29), 195–225.
Tovar Pinzón, H., Tovar Mora, J. A., & Tovar Mora, C. E. (1994). Convocatoria al poder del número: Censos y estadísticas de la Nueva Granada, 1750-1830. Archivo General de la Nación.
Urrutia Montoya, M. (2010). Precios y salarios urbanos en el siglo XIX. In A. Meisel Roca & M. T. Ramírez (Eds.), Economía colombiana del siglo XIX (pp. 7–37). Fondo de Cultura Económica; Banco de la República.
Vervaeke, A., & Devos, I. (2018). Much ado about nothing? Reconsidering the smallpox effect: Height in the nineteenth-century town of Thielt, Belgium. Tijdschrift voor Sociale en Economische Geschiedenis, 14(4), 56–83. https://doi.org/10.18352/tseg.987
Voth, H. J., & Leunig, T. (1996). Did smallpox reduce height? Stature and the standard of living in London, 1770-1873. The Economic History Review, 49(3), 541–560. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.1996.tb00581.x
Bushnell, D. (1971). Voter Participation in the Colombian Election of 1856. The Hispanic American Historical Review, 51(2), 237-249. https://doi.org/10.1215/00182168-51.2.237
Cámara, A. (2006). Fuentes antropométricas en España problemas metodológicos para los siglos XVIII y XIX. Historia Agraria, (39), 105-118.
Carson, S. (2020). Net nutrition, insolation, mortality, and the antebellum paradox. Journal of Bioeconomics, 22(1), 77-98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10818-020-09293-6
Challú, A. (2009). Agricultural Crisis and Biological Well-Being in Mexico, 1730-1835. History Faculty Publications, 1-26.
Challú, A. (2010). The great decline: Biological well-being and living standards in Mexico, 1730-1840. In R. D. Salvatore, J. H. Coatsworth, & A. E. Challú (Eds.), Living standards in Latin American history: Height, welfare, and development, 1750-2000 (pp. 23–68). Harvard University David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies / Harvard University Press.
Coyle, D. (2017). El producto interno bruto. Una historia breve pero entrañable. Bogotá: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Dobado-González, R. (2015). Pre-independence Spanish Americans: Poor, short and unequal... or the opposite? Revista de Historia Economica, Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History, 15-59. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0212610914000135
Dobado-Gonzalez, R., & García-Montero, H. (2014). Neither So Low nor So Short: Wages and Heights in Bourbon Spanish America from an International Comparative Perspective. Journal of Latin American Studies, 46(2), 291-321. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X14000054
Dobado-González, R., & García-Hiernaux, A. (2017). Two worlds apart: Determinants of height in late 18th century central Mexico. Economics & Human Biology, 24, 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2016.12.003
Farfán, A., & Marín, J. (2014). Milicias y Milicias Disciplinadas del Virreinato de la Nueva Granada. La Configuración de la Defensa y la Seguridad Durante la Segunda Mitad del Siglo XVIII.
Fogel, R. W. (1997). New Findings on Secular Trends in Nutrition and Mortality: Some Implications for Population Theory. In M. Rosenzweig & O. Stark, Handbook of Population and Family Economics (Vol. 1A, pp. 433–481). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-003X(97)80026-8
Fogel, R. W., & Costa, D. L. (1997). A theory of technophysio evolution, with some implications for forecasting population, health care costs, and pension costs. Demography, 34(1), 49–66. https://doi.org/10.2307/2061659
Fogel, R. W. (1996). A life of learning: Charles Homer Haskins lecture for 1996. American Council of Learned Societies.
Galofré-Vilà, G., Guntupalli, A. M., Harris, B., & Hinde, A. (2018). Climate effects and stature since 1800. Social Science History, 42(4), 763–794. https://doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2018.27
García Torres, A. (2021). “This country in no longer the New Spain, the one conquered by Cortés”: Adverse meteorology and agricultural crises in the valley of Mexico (1760-1800). Revista de Historia Moderna, (39), 189–217. https://doi.org/10.14198/RHM2021.39.07
García-Montero, H. (2018). The nutritional status inequality in interior Spain during the late 18th century. Nutrición Hospitalaria, 35(Ext5), 26–30. https://doi.org/10.20960/nh.2081
Gelman, J., & Santinilli, D. (2018). Wages and standards of living in the 19th century from a comparative perspective: Consumption basket, Bare Bone Basket and welfare ratio in Buenos Aires, 1825–1849. Investigaciones de Historia Económica - Economic History Research, 14(2), 94-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ihe.2016.09.001
Grajales-Porras, A., & López-Alonso, M. (2011). Physical stature of men in eighteenth century Mexico: Evidence from Puebla. Economics & Human Biology, 9(3), 265–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2011.02.002
Haines, M. R., Craig, L. A., & Weiss, T. (2003). The short and the dead: Nutrition, mortality, and the “Antebellum Puzzle” in the United States. The Journal of Economic History, 63(2), 382–413. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050703001839
Komlos, J. (2003). How to (and how not to) analyze deficient height samples (Munich Discussion Paper No. 2003-12). University of Munich, Department of Economics. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.464080
Komlos, J. (2012). A three-decade “Kuhnian” history of the Antebellum Puzzle: Explaining the shrinking of the U.S. population at the onset of modern economic growth (Munich Discussion Paper No. 2012-10). University of Munich, Department of Economics. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2021060
Le Roy Ladurie, E., Bernageau, N., & Pasquet, Y. (1969). Le conscrit et l’ordinateur. Perspectives de recherche sur les archives militaires du XIXe siècle français. Studi Storici, 10(2), 260-308. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20562980
Leunig, T., & Voth, H. J. (1998). Smallpox did reduce height: A reply to our critics. The Economic History Review, 51(2), 372–381. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0289.00097
Llorca-Jaña, M., Clarke, D., Navarrete-Montalvo, J., Araya-Valenzuela, R., & Allende, M. (2020). New anthropometric evidence on living standards in nineteenth-century Chile. Economics & Human Biology, 36, Article 100819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2019.100819
Llorca-Jaña, M., Navarrete-Montalvo, J., Droller, F., & Araya-Valenzuela, R. (2018). Height in eighteenth-century Chilean men: Evidence from military records, 1730–1800s. Economics & Human Biology, 29, 168–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2018.03.004
Llorca-Jaña, M., & Allende, M. (2025). The anthropometric history of Chile: Main findings for the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In R. D. Salvatore, M. López-Alonso, M. Llorca-Jaña, & J. M. Martínez-Carrión (Eds.), The biological welfare of Ibero-America: A new anthropometric history (pp. 00–00). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-95-1509-7_9
López-Alonso, M. (2012). Measuring up: A history of living standards in Mexico, 1850-1950. Stanford University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvqsdzkx
López-Alonso, M. (2016). Economics and human biology in Latin America. En J. Komlos & I. R. Kelly (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of economics and human biology (pp. 710–729). Oxford University Press . https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199389292.013.2
López-Alonso, M. (2025). The long history of biological welfare in Mexico: From Mesoamerica to the present. In R. D. Salvatore, M. López-Alonso, M. Llorca-Jaña, & J. M. Martínez-Carrión (Eds.), The biological welfare of Ibero-America: A new anthropometric history (pp. 00–00). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-95-1509-7_4
Marques, C., Matos, V., & Meinzer, N. J. (2019). Proliferative periosteal reactions: Assessment of trends in Europe over the past two millennia. In R. H. Steckel, C. S. Larsen, C. A. Roberts, & J. Baten (Eds.), The backbone of Europe: Health, diet, work and violence over two millennia (pp. 137–174). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108379830.007
Martínez, J. (2012). La talla de los europeos, 1700-2000: Ciclos. crecimiento y desigualdad. InvestigacionesdeHistoriaEconómica, 176-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ihe.2012.06.002
Martínez-Carrión, J. M., & Puche-Gil, J. (2011). La evolución de la estatura en Francia y en España, 1770-2000: Balance historiográfico y nuevas evidencias. Dynamis, 31(2), 429–452. https://doi.org/10.4321/S0211-95362011000200009
Martínez-Carrión, J. M., & Cámara, A. D. (2025). Spain: The anthropometric history of Spain: A review. In R. D. Salvatore, M. López-Alonso, M. Llorca-Jaña, & J. M. Martínez-Carrión (Eds.), The biological welfare of Ibero-America: A new anthropometric history (pp. 00–00). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-95-1509-7_2
Meisel-Roca, A., & Vega-Acevedo, M. (2004). La estatura de los colombianos: Un ensayo de antropometría histórica, 1910-2002 (Documentos de Trabajo sobre Economía Regional y Urbana No. 45). Banco de la República de Colombia. https://doi.org/10.32468/dtseru.45
Meisel-Roca, A., & Vega-Acevedo, M. (2005). La estatura de la élite colombiana antes de la industrialización, 1870-1919. Revista del Banco de la República, 78(932), 37–69. https://doi.org/10.32468/chee.15
Mora, K. (2015). Los agricultores y ganaderos de la sabana de Bogotá frente a las fluctuaciones climáticas del siglo XVIII. Fronteras de la Historia, 20(1), 14–42. https://doi.org/10.22380/2027468815
Mörner, M. (1969). La mezcla de razas en la historia de América Latina. Paidos.
United Nations. (2018). Sustainable Development Goals. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/es/objetivos-de-desarrollo-sostenible/
Pardo, A. (1972). Geografía económica y humana de Colombia. Ediciones Tercer Mundo.
Razzell, P. (1998). Did smallpox reduce height? The Economic History Review, 51(2), 351–359. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0289.00095
Registraduría Nacional del Estado Civil. (1988). Historia Electoral Colombiana.
Salvatore, R. D., & Baten, J. (1998). A most difficult case of estimation: Argentinian heights, 1770–1840. In J. Komlos & J. Baten (Eds.), The biological standard of living in comparative perspective: Contributions to the conference held in Munich, January 18-22, 1997, for the XIIth Congress of the International Economic History Association (pp. 00–00). Franz Steiner Verlag.
Solano, S. (2015). La construcción de los censos de población del Nuevo Reino de Granada a finales del siglo XVIII. El Taller de La Historia, 7(7), 41-99. https://doi.org/10.32997/2382-4794-vol.7-num.7-2015-721
Steckel, R. H. (2009). Heights and human welfare: Recent developments and new directions. Explorations in Economic History, 46(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eeh.2008.12.001
Steckel, R. (1995). Stature and the Standard of Living. Journal of Economic Literature, 33(4), 1919.
Torres Ramírez, B. (1969). Alejandro O’Reilly en las Indias. CSIC - Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos.
Torres Moreno, J. V. (2013). Precios, oferta monetaria y crecimiento económico en la Nueva Granada de la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII. Revista de Economía Institucional, 15(29), 195–225.
Tovar Pinzón, H., Tovar Mora, J. A., & Tovar Mora, C. E. (1994). Convocatoria al poder del número: Censos y estadísticas de la Nueva Granada, 1750-1830. Archivo General de la Nación.
Urrutia Montoya, M. (2010). Precios y salarios urbanos en el siglo XIX. In A. Meisel Roca & M. T. Ramírez (Eds.), Economía colombiana del siglo XIX (pp. 7–37). Fondo de Cultura Económica; Banco de la República.
Vervaeke, A., & Devos, I. (2018). Much ado about nothing? Reconsidering the smallpox effect: Height in the nineteenth-century town of Thielt, Belgium. Tijdschrift voor Sociale en Economische Geschiedenis, 14(4), 56–83. https://doi.org/10.18352/tseg.987
Voth, H. J., & Leunig, T. (1996). Did smallpox reduce height? Stature and the standard of living in London, 1770-1873. The Economic History Review, 49(3), 541–560. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.1996.tb00581.x
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